Kaniewski D, Van Campo E, Van Lerberghe K et al. Looking still more closely at the distribution of P303 sub-clades, some distinct patterns emerge in the network (Figure 4). It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East or Southern Asia, likely in the region that is now northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. The corresponding coalescent estimate for M377 is 5600 years ago (Supplementary Table S4). P257 was first reported in 2008. Taken as a collective group, P303-derived chromosomes are the most widespread of all hg G lineages (Supplementary Table S1 and Figure 2b) and clearly display differential geographic partitioning between L497 (Figure 2c) and U1 (xM527) (Figure 2d). Interestingly, the L30 SNP, phylogenetically equivalent to M485, M547 and U8, was detected in an approximately 7000-year-old Neolithic specimen from Germany, although this ancient DNA sample was not resolved further to additional sub-clade levels.39. (This followed the publication of: Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. There are distinctive Ashkenazi Jewish and Kazakh subclades based on STR marker value combinations. PLoS One 2009; 4: e5792. Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the The oldest skeletons confirmed by ancient DNA testing as carrying haplogroup G2a were five found in the Avellaner cave burial site, near Les Planes d'Hostoles, in Catalonia, Spain and were dated by radiocarbon dating to about 5000 BCE. Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME et al. Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA : Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny. G1 is possibly believed to have originated in Iran. In contrast to G1, the absolute majority of hg G samples belonged to G2-P287-related sub-clades, with the vast majority of them being associated with G2a-P15-related lineages. Vernesi C, Caramelli D, Dupanloup I et al. [citation needed] In human genetics, Haplogroup G-P303 ( G2a2b2a, [2] formerly G2a3b1) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. The DYS391 marker has mostly a value of 10, but sometimes 11, in G2a2b1 persons, and DYS392 is almost always 11. This haplogroup was found in a Neolithic skeleton from around 5000 BC, in the cemetery of Derenburg Meerenstieg II, Germany, which forms part of the Linear Pottery culture, known in German as Linearbandkeramik (LBK),[11] but was not tested for G2a3 subclades. But a high percentage of U1 men belong to its two subclades, G-L13/S13 and Z1266 (G2a3b1a1b). Haplogroup G (M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. 25 and 0.00069 denote the assumed average generation time in years and the effective mutation rate, respectively, and 1000 is used to convert the result of the equation (into thousands of years). Although both broadly distributed, G2a-P15* and its downstream L91 sub-lineage have low frequencies, with the exception of Sardinia and Corsica. The coalescent times (Td) of various haplogroups were estimated using the ASDo methodology described by Zhivotovsky et al,32 modified according to Sengupta et al.13 We used the evolutionary effective mutation rate of 6.9 104 per 25 years, as pedigree rates are arguably only pertinent to shallow rooted familial pedigrees,33 as they do not consider the evolutionary consequences of population dynamics including the rapid extinction of newly appearing microsatellite alleles. The G-P303 phylogenetic network was constructed using 248 G2a3b-P303-derived 19-locus haplotypes from populations representing Europe, Middle/Near East, South/Central Asia and the Caucasus and belonging to five sub-clades P303*, U1, M527, M426 and L497. Considering these issues, we acknowledge that the variance of the age estimates may be underestimated. Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation Provides Evidence for a Recent Common Ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaians. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17: 820830. (a) Principal component analysis by population. [16] The concentration of G falls below this average in Scandinavia, the westernmost former Soviet republics and Poland, as well as in Iceland and the British Isles. ), Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G et al. Another frequent sub-clade of the G2a3-M485 lineage is G2a3a-M406 (Figure 2e). In the case of the general frequency pattern of hg G, panel (a) was obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 together with data taken from the literature, concerning 569 individuals representing 7 populations comprising Algerians,47 Oromo and Amhara Ethiopians,48 and Berbers, Arabs and Saharawis from Morocco.49 Dots on the map (a) indicate the approximate locations of the sampled populations. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90: 573. G2a3a-M406 has a modest presence in Thessaly and the Peloponnese (4%),10 areas of the initial Greek Neolithic settlements. Principal component analysis based on G sub-haplogroup frequencies was performed using the freeware POPSTR program (http://harpending.humanevo.utah.edu/popstr/). We genotyped binary markers following PCR amplification, by either Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography, RFLP analysis, Taqman assay (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) or direct Sanger sequencing methodology. Its members include "tzi",[citation needed] the so-called Iceman, who died at least 5,000 years BP in the European Alps. Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. Although progress has been recently made in resolving the haplogroup G phylogeny, a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of the significant sub-clades of this haplogroup has not been conducted yet. White PS, Tatum OL, Deaven LL, Longmire JL : New, male-specific microsatellite markers from the human Y chromosome. Origin and Migrations of Haplogroup G-M201 The first man to carry haplogroup G-M201 likely lived in southwestern Asia or the Caucasus between 46,000 and 54,000 years ago. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. Parent Branch: G-FGC5081 Descendant branch(s): G-Z17084 G-Z45043 FTDNA Tree Link: Link YFull Info. We emphasize that our assessments are based solely on contemporary DNA distributions rather than actual prehistoric patterns. Semino et al. The SNP L177 (a.k.a. Summary. Haplogroup_G_(Y-DNA) Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood. The Caucasus are today mainly the countries of Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and southwestern Russia. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. PubMed Spatial autocorrelation analysis was carried out to assess the presence/absence of clines regarding informative G sub-haplogroups. The frequency data were converted into isofrequency maps using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc., Golden, CO, USA), following the kriging algorithm using advanced options to use bodies of waters as breaklines. Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau. His male-line descendants appear to remained rooted in the region for tens of thousands of years while the Ice Age was in full swing. Hg G is very frequent in NW Caucasus and South Caucasus, covering about 45% of the paternal lineages in both regions2 in this study. G-M406* (G2a2b1*; previously G2a3a*) and its subclades seem most commonly found in Turkey and the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean where it can constitute up to 5% of all makes and 50% of haplogroup G samples. L141 persons who do not belong to any L141 subclade so far have the value of 11 at STR marker DYS490 a finding rare in other G categories. contracts here. The reliability of both P16 and P18 in identifying everyone in each of these categories has been questioned and individual components of the SNP have to be examined. Artefactual values below 0% values were not depicted. Ashkenazi Jewish G2a1a men with northeastern European ancestry form a distinct cluster based on STR marker values. Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. mtDNA G | Haplogroup L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs810801 and 6405148 with a mutation from C to G. L223 was first identified in samples at 23andMe in 2009 but proved problematic as an individual test, the first successful results being reported at Family Tree DNA in late 2011 under its assigned L223 label. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 694704. Various estimated dates and locations have been proposed for the origin of G-M201, most of them in Western Asia. A separate study on the Argyns found that 71% of males belong to G1. Haplogroup definition, a set of similar haplotypes inherited together, or a group who shares a set of similar haplotypes, used to understand genetic lineages. In descending order, G-P303 is additionally a branch of G2 (P287), G2a (P15), G2a2, G2a2b, G2a2b2, and finally G2a2b2a. Concerning the presence of hg G in the Caucasus, one of its distinguishing features is lower haplogroup diversity in numerous populations (Supplementary Table S1) compared with Anatolia and Armenia, implying that hg G is intrusive in the Caucasus rather than autochthonous. volume20,pages 12751282 (2012)Cite this article. There are additional subclades of DYS388=13 men characterized by the presence of specific SNPs or uncommon STR marker oddities. The phylogeny obtained for haplogroup Q-M378 comprising 5.2% of the Ashkenazi paternal variation 24, shows a similar pattern to that observed for haplogroup G-M377 (Supplemental Figure S5). The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective. A more compact cluster of Near/Middle Eastern samples is also resolved in the network. While acknowledging that the inference of the age and geographic source of dispersals of Y chromosome haplogroups from the frequency and STR diversity data can be approximate at best, we speculate that this lineage could potentially be associated with the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture of Central Europe, as its highest frequency (3.45.1%) and Td estimate (Supplementary Table S4) of 108703029 years ago occur there. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK . It remains to be seen if testing will reveal G-M377 haplotypes in other populations this is some indication that G-M377 occurs at low levels in the Near East. King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T et al. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78: 202221. However, no clinal patterns were detected in the spatial autocorrelation analysis of the five sub-haplogroup frequencies with distance, suggesting that the distributions are not clinal but rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. This group was created for the folks who's paternal Y-DNA reflects they belong to haplogroup G2a (G-P15). The effective mutation rate at Y chromosome short tandem repeats, with application to human population-divergence time. 8 Oldest Haplogroups and the Regions they Originated From . Here we present the haplogroup frequency distribution and STR variation of 16 informative G sub-clades by evaluating 1472 haplogroup G chromosomes belonging to 98 populations ranging from Europe to Pakistan. Herein . The hg G2a3b1c-L497 sub-cluster, on the other hand, has so far been found essentially in European populations and therefore is probably autochthonous to Europe. The hg G-U1 subclade is characterized by several sub-clusters of haplotypes, including a more diverse cluster mostly represented by Caucasus populations. Members of this group have been found in Europe and the Middle East.[3]. It has been found in Mexican mestizos. The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3.[11]. The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people. L1771.1/ L177_1, L1771.2/L177_2, L177.3/L177_3) was withdrawn as an identifier by ISOGG in 2013, after it was "found to be an unreliable palindromic snp". This is achieved by comparing the haplotypes through the STR markers. The extreme rarity of G-M377 in northern Pakistan could indicate that G2b in this area originates outside the region and was brought there in the historic period, perhaps from further west (Pakistan was part of both the Achaemenid Persian Empire, conquered by Alexander the Great, and then formed a part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom). Also for P15* and L91 lineages Td estimates, DYS19 was excluded owing to duplications in these lineages.36. Its chromosome location listed as 21653414. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all its subclades represent a small number today. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF : New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. The Iceman belongs to haplogroup G2a2b [13] (earlier called G2a4). [38][self-published source?] RV and DMB thank the European Commission, Directorate-General for Research for FP7 Ecogene grant 205419. Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F, Blanco-Verea A, Brion M, Pascali VL : Phylogenetic evidence for multiple independent duplication events at the DYS19 locus. 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