[49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. 2007;27:6024. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Neuroreport. Trends Cell Biol. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. statement and Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. Phot J. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Rf and mw radiation hazards - SlideShare Fragopoulou et al. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. PDF Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on Human Health 2001;12:72931. 2007;34:146779. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings - SlideShare Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. J Neuro. Int J Radiat Biol. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. PubMed However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. 2003;11:346. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. Google Scholar. J Mol Neurosci. Biochem J. J Environ Health. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. 2003;140:147. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. Behav Brain Res. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. Privacy By using this website, you agree to our 2006;12:44651. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. 1994;15:95104. 2009;4:e4389. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. Neurotoxicology. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. J Radiat Proc. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. Google Scholar. PubMed Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. 2007;210:63544. Mobile Effects on Human Body - slideshare.net Terms and Conditions, Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. 1996;93:46938. Specifically, the Federal Communications . Wang et al. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. Int J Radiat Biol. radiation with wavelengths. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. Im HI, Kenny PJ. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Acta Pharmacol Sin. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. Neuroscience. Do Microwaves Affect Your Health? The Impact of Microwave Radiation - WebMD The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. 2003;80:177. J Clin Oncol. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Neuroreport. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. Cite this article. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. 1999;75:44756. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. 2016;397:2239. Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. Long term and excessive use of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation alter microRNA expression in brain. Dasdag et al. Megha et al. Google Scholar. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. Sanders AP, Joines WT. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). Joubert et al. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Vorobyov et al. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Neurobiol Learn Mem. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Electromagn Biol Med. The role of microRNAs in cancer. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Clin Neurophysiol. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. 1992;114:16202. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. 2010;2010. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. Kwon et al. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. 2008;86:718. Interaction of Radiation with Matter - GSU The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. eliminating microwave and RF sources. PubMed Bioelectromagnetics. Front Neurosci. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. PubMed Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. 2010;473:525. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. & Hu, XJ. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. The biological effects of radio waves on human body tissues - ResearchGate To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. 2002;57:2702. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. 2004;996:8996. Sareesh et al. 2010;3:4650. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. Mol Cell Biol. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. Bioelectromagnetics. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Google Scholar. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. 2012;35:32534. Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. Rev Environ Health. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. 2009;64:2314. Radiat Res. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. Mack et al. 2009;63:10106. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. CAS Chin J Indus Hyg. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. Biomed Environ Sci. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. 2006;27:16471. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. Springer Nature. Microwaves Technology : Basics, Effetcs & Its Applications - ElProCus 2005;22:32931. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. Int J Radiat Biol. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. PubMed Central 2005;1042:1018. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. J Neurosci Methods. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. [84] and Sharma et al. Bioelectromagnetics. P Nat Acad. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Cobb et al. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. Physiol Behav. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. 2014;9:e95503. Yale J Biol Med. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. J Neuro-Oncol. Synapse. as it have a harmful side. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics. Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Health Effects | Occupational For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. 2015;148:150. Clinics. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. J Pharm Sci. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. Acta Neurol Belg. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Google Scholar. 1994;10:13548. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. 2013;42:428. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. Dasdag et al. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. Electromagn Biol Med. . J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;11:4135. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. Cell Biochem Biophys. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. 2015;91:30611. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.