Fewer young people are motivated to study in the higher church schools. = , 00. In the student an aesthetic interest is developed, or at least awakened. KEYARI TARIKEY ( ): https://youtu.be/3bpkpnH9qqUiTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/album/id14481Apple Music : http://itunes.apple.com/album/id/14483. He is credited for inventing the zema of the Church; the chant that has been in use continuously for the last almost 1500 years. The teacher first translates the sentence into Amharic and then comments on it. Zm has usually been identified as the music of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, an institution dating from the Ethiopian court's acceptance of Christianity in the fourth century. A graduate of Qene School looks for a position in a Church and serves in the choir where he composes Qene and sings, or he may take a post as a minor teacher or administrator in the Church. According to the Church Office there are about 15,000 churches in Ethiopia. [6] He invented three forms of chanting. , The church school system has the following divisions: (Literature school) 1) The Nebab Bet The Nebab Bet, the Reading School or the "House of Reading" is the first stage of the traditional schools, where primary instruction is given. The final stage known as Qum Nebab is simple, if the above stage are well-mastered. In earlier times the letters were written on a roll of parchment, which the pupil carried with him. . The student has to learn each sentence of the commentary by heart. The following illustration may make this clear. raider. The rest, including the teaching the traditions and service of the Church, is learned through daily experience in the parish itself. The student learns Qene with more interest and motivation than the other disciplines, such as Zema. () -., 18 - = , 11 - = , 20 - = , 21 - = , 3. B TIMKETKA (): https://youtu.be/5xfT3aTCWOY4. Modern theological colleges exist which combine traditional studies with the broader curriculum demanded in the twentieth century. The leading teachers and scholars of the church, who are known as Debtera, are trained in the higher school. Saint John Chrysostom, Qerlos and others. The main courses of study are in church music, church poetry, and religious literature, each divided according to content of instruction. Today children use a printed table of letters, which is glued on a single sheet of cardboard. In some cases the Ethiopic catechetical book, the Aemade Mestir (Columnae Mister), particularly Mistere Sellassie (on the Trinity), is taught in Amharic. . 6 . A new comer must ask him for permission to attend his classes. In the course of the centuries the school system has grown and changed in many ways. This hope is perhaps one of the motives that encourages the student to spend more that half of his life at such a school. 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -, 1. (..). [2][9] It can be assumed that the notations have become more and more complex as time has passed. The Qne bet teachers say that once the student has been taught the way of right thinking, he attains a position to express himself or to criticize oth- ers views. The few handwritten manuscripts on parchments were, and still are, very expensive. learning by counting each letter. The pupil now learns to read the psalms, the most important devotional book of Ethiopian Christians. The teacher either approves and gives the student a new assignment or orders further practice on the same text. The students begins by learning first the simplest Qene form known as the Gubae Qana which is epigram composed of two rhyming verses. = , 25. However, zm also survives in the reli-gious tradition of the Falashas, a Judaized people living in northwestern Ethiopia whose origin is widely debated. However, in the urban centers and roadside towns the elementary church school, the Nebab Bet is flourishing as an institution to prepare pupils for Government schools, teaching young children literacy in Amharic. The lessons advance in this manner day after day until the student finishes the fixed text of the hymn and knows it by heart. . = , 22. . [ ], 3 - = , 4 - . The activities of the priest, therefore, are limited to the rituals, which do not usually demand the understanding of the Scriptures. It is a one-teacher school, with instruction given by a priest or layman with church education. A teacher specialized in this branch of the liturgy teachers the Gebre Diquna and Gebre Qissina, i.e. [ . ], 16 - , 17 - = , 18 - . 1 = . Last updated 14 Jan. 2023 video A Debtera is a general term given to all those who have completed one of the higher schools of the church. = , 28 - = . The student recites the product of his intellectual labour. . = , 3. . = , 30 . an evening lesson, or Yeqal Timhirt, i.e. . Through observation or day-to-day practice and instruction by his priest-master, the boy learns the Church activities and functions of a deacon and of a priest. ], 8. b) Drill in the reading of various religious texts Addis Ababa December 1970. [4], Saint Yared has been credited with the invention of the musical tradition of Ethiopian liturgical chants. Traditionally, teachers in different areas select any text for reading. [10], The musical notation (melekket) used for the chants, is not a typical notational system since it does not represent pitch or melody. Its graduates become cantors of Ethiopian Orthodox (Twado) Church. The related musical notation is known as melekket. = , 05. = , 4. Furthermore, since the instruction is considered sacred, just as prayer is, the student takes his assignment seriously. For, in spite of the inevitable changes taking place in Ethiopia with the steady expansion of modern secular education in the present century, church schools still play an active part in the Ethiopian educational scene. In this way the historical interpretations are mixed with legendary tales and special natural events, all considered to be miracles, and even concrete phenomena are given symbolical meanings. = , 12. [12], Liturgical chant used by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Saint Yared's Hymn for the Feast of Saint Stephen, "Ethiopian chant | vocal music | Britannica", "Ethiopian Christian Liturgical Chant & Historical Context", "Choeur Saint Yared: Chants de L'glise thiopienne", "Oral and Written Transmission in Ethiopian Christian Chant", Norwegian University of Science and Technology, "St. Yared: The Great Ethiopian Composer", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_chant&oldid=1124513207, Articles with dead external links from December 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. ( ) 1 - () = : 19 = In doing so, a In doing so, a mixed-method research ap proach with the convergent parallel . .. = , 20. In other words, the church is successfully bridging the transition from strictly traditional scholarship to a new, dynamic era where traditional learning and modern education will blend together to ensure the continuity of Ethiopias Christian heritage in the setting of modern world. All depends on the availability of books. c) Reading of the Psalm of David. . It is also an occasion of joy for the family, and the parents usually organize a feast to mark the event. . . Usually, there is no financial support for the students who must earn their living by begging and occasional works. = , 21. Privacy-Statement . Refresh. = , 24 - .= , 25 - . Ancient chanted liturgy with congregation participating with clapping, ululation and rhythmic movements has been retained from that era. = , 26. () = , 17. = , 3. The main one is that the student understands the Geez language in the Qene school. = [ ]. . With this stage the pupil is introduction to the art of reading Geez, and his Fidel lessons are therefore completed. . The girls from traditional families who have attended the school usually marry before or shortly after they complete the lessons in the House of Reading. The number and the kind of books the student has to read at this stage is not standardized. . . [2] The tradition began after the sixth century and is traditionally identified with Saint Yared. To demonstrate this we should describe the average study day at the Zema Bet. It is likely that Ethiopian liturgical chants have undergone an evolution similar to that of European liturgical chants. The church school system has been the instrument that has preserved the traditional learning of Ethiopia and conveyed it faithfully to succeeding generations. . , 15 -. = , 20 - . = , 13 [ ], 11 - () = ( ) - .. With the expansion of the Kingdom and Christianity to the south and southwest, churches and monasteries were founded, which became for centuries important centers of learning. = , 16 - = , 9. It should be noted that the Church is fully aware of the necessity to train its own future leaders in such a way that they will fulfill their role in modern society. When the teacher feels that his pupil has mastered this stage, he leads him to Wurdnebab. The methods of practicing the reading are those described under the Fidel Hawaria, namely, Qutir, Geez, Wurdnebab, and Nebab. ( ) = , 4. Server IP address resolved: Yes Http response code: 200 Response time: 0.55 sec. The second branch is the Haddis, a specialized school on the commentaries of the 35 Books of the Ethiopian New Testament. They are known as ararai, ezil and geeze. . = [ ], 3 - ( ) = , 4 - = , 5 - = , 7 - = , 8 - = , 9 - . First there is a prayer to be recited. The educational system in Ethiopia has been profoundly molded by the past. In these specialized branches the students learns the traditions of the Church, theology, Church history and laws, through the interpretation of the various individual writings. Moreover, having its own written language and literature it developed from very early days a tradition of ecclesiastical scholarship. 1) The Nebab Bet Source Traditionally writing is not taught, since this was not needed in everyday life, unlike reading which is necessary for daily prayers and participating in the church service. 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -, 1. In doing so, a mixed-method research approach with the convergent parallel design was employed. () = , 2. Most studies conclude that there has been impressive consistency since the 1500s. For this purpose scanty training suffices. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Home English Franais Deutsch Oriental Church Music Photo Gallery Video Links Calendar = = 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -About-us . In their present form the church schools evolved during the golden age of the Church from the 13th to the 16th centuries when the literature of the Church had reached its peak. .. a) Zema Bet (Music school) b) Quene Bet and (Poetry school) c) Metsehaf Bet which again have different subdivisions. This is the general term for the School of Commentaries composed of four branches. the beginning of reading. Each group sings from a single text, or one of the groups sings and the rest observe him. . Online Status. In the afternoon the session or Gubae takes place again. MARYAM () : https://youtu.be/6I1ujFtU0CciTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/album/id14481Apple Music : http://itunes.apple.com/album/id/14482. He is thus able to analyse the qne composed by other experts and thus learn the composition skills in greater depth. ( . ) . . 81 2 . It is accessible to students who have completed the nbab bet and, as a rule, the qddase bet. When he is able to distinguish the letters he passes to the next drill known as Geez, i.e. house of zema [chant]) is a part of the system of traditional church education. Now the child practices read learns to take much care over words that must be read to together, the accents, the pauses and the soft or hard pronunciations of the syllables. c) Metsehaf Bet It is accessible to students who have completed the nbab bet and, as a rule, the qddase bet. [8] = , 4. Students at Yared School of Music, Addis Ababa University, playing Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Yaredawi Song . . . 3) higher schools, namely In the evening the pupils come to the house of the teacher, which is also at the same time the school itself All stand around the teacher while the lesson is given. = , 9 - ( ) = ( )- ., 10 - . () = - ., 10. [ ], 9. The emigrants brought their secular and liturgical music traditions with them. The training challenges the memory of the child rather than leading him to think. = The usually strict demands of the teachers are accepted with out hesitation, because the wandering student has come to the school of his own free will and has willingly submitted himself to the authority of the teacher. These schools of commentaries are not to be found everywhere, but in large churches, Debre, and in monasteries, Geddam, where extensive libraries and famous teachers are to be found. It may be that church schools as a whole will take on a new impetus and play an important role in raising the general level of education of the clergy in the future. He may be called upon to read and write letters. 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church - About-us . . . = , 1. The commentaries of these teachings do not proceed under systematic theological or historical categories, but when each sentence or phrase of a text is interpreted, depending on the content, theological, moral and historical questions are raised, discussed, and developed. , 1. Some students try to attend more than one master in more than one school, in order to reach a higher level of mastering qne. [8], Ethiopian liturgical chants are based on both written and oral sources,[9] but the isolation of Ethiopia and the lack of source material make it difficult to reconstruct the exact history of Ethiopian church music. However, in rural districts, parents generally discouraged the education of girls, since their function is to be housewives, and for this role no formal education is felt to be necessary. = , 10. () = When he is convinced that the pupil has reached the level of knowledge traditionally required at this stage of learning, he indicated that the time has come when he may leave the Nebab Bet. The next day the student looks for a secluded place and meditates on his composition. Traditionally a boy can receive only the Nebab Bet instruction while he is at home. There are different Qne bet the main centres of learning are in Wadla (Wllo), Gong (Goggam), Wara (Damot, Goggam); Gondr (s. Admasu Gmbre 1971/72: 10). . b) Qene Bet ( ) . The main interest and purpose of the school is, however, not to develop poetic and other aesthetic interests in the child or youth, but to enable him to carry out the Church rituals. He repeats this for months. There are also other Qene types which are however not as widespread as the Samenna Worq. Last Checked: 01/18/2023. Theoretically, both boys and girls and members of all ethnic groups and classes are eligible to enroll in church schools. () = , 1. Generally, the first epistle of St. John is used for the purpose. = , 28. = , 18. = ( ) - ., 3. This process is known as Qutir, i.e. ( ) :: :. . Zema bet ( , lit. = . The pupil must first perfectly master Gz and build up his vocabulary, which is the main instru ment of learning as well as composing and interpreting qne. 6 Contact-us = , 22. This way the group can compare its progress to know how far it had grasped the interpretation of the previous time. = , 6. The teacher or an advance student recites to the pupil sentence by sentence or verse-by-verse the standard prayer the child has to memorize. 2) Qedasse Bet (Liturgy school) A student of the Nebab Bet or Qedasse Bet, who would like to join the higher schools, usually leaves his parents and joins the wandering students who travel from parish to parish and form monastery to monastery. Children master the 231 letters of the Geez syllabary, and are drilled in the art of good reading. The teacher is usually engaged in some individual work such as reading, copying a manuscript, or even doing some handwork. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church had been administratively part of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria from the first half of the 4th century until 1959, when it was granted autocephaly with its own patriarch by Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church. In the Qne bet the students focus on the theory and practice of the composition of qne. Your email address will not be published. () = , 1. . = , 06. In the Christian highlands of Ethiopia, the Church constituted the main guardian of traditional culture and provided the only schools in the land for many centuries. If each church has one Nebab Bet, which is probably the case, then there are at least 15,000 one-teacher schools. He can be permitted to teach the beginners; he can improvise qne, continue a Qne bet started by another, lecture qne but always standing, until his graduation day as qne master, and he is able to interrupt an author composing qne (KaneDic 803b). = , 11 - = , 12 - = , 13 - = , 14 - = , 15 - . To help the child distinguish the different characteristics of the alphabet another table has been prepared. These are most widespread but there are other forms, e.g. The 46 Books of the Old Testament are studied and commented upon. [ . ], 3. [ ], 1. " " . The Nebab Bet, the Reading School or the House of Reading is the first stage of the traditional schools, where primary instruction is given. . The Journal of Ethiopian Church Studies (JECS) is a high-quality peer-reviewed research journal that is published under the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church Research Institute (EOTCRI) once a year. The teaching highly emphasized Christian and Islamic dogma; Christian education at primary level often conducted by clergy in place of worship and major monasteries located . THE CHURCH OF ETHIOPIA A PANORAMA OF HISTORY AND SPIRITUAL LIFE Deggwa, Ethiopian antiphons, in particular are of much later origin, dating from the second half of the 16th century. Zema means a pleasing sound, a song or a melody in Ge'ez,[1][3] the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Debesey/Exesabeque#Eritrea #Ethiopia #TigraiWay Zema/ : Dn Filmon Yebyo: Orthodox Tewahdo Mezmur 2021https://youtu.be/oEOuYUPqFi4Zemari Filmo Yebyo Zema. (2), - = , 8 - = , 2 - = , 9 - = , 12 - = , 7 - = [ ]. in Gojjam, the Gonji and Washera schools of Qene differ from this. Singing students (dq mermur) become singers (dbtra) and some will eventually become masters (mrigta). The story or legend of the saint whose feast is to be celebrated on the next day is then narrated; this comprises the theme of the Qene composition by the students, using the vocabulary and grammar already discussed at the session. The main reason for wandering in search of schools and teachers is that in rural areas any higher education is not possible for a youth who remains with his parents, except in a few cases of Debtera families. . The way to the Qne bet is long and difficult. However, before and after the mass there are readings of the scriptures, ritual dance, and long hymns and poems. = , 5. A student is considered ready when he has mastered the complicated genre of qen. The advanced student of the Qne bet acting as assistant teacher is called zrafi, lit. .. = , 28. During the evening the student endeavours to find the proper music to fit the Qene model he is going to compose; since all Qene has to be sung, his Qene piece must be suited to a corresponding musical form. Usually the child learns the whole set of letters in sequence by heart, so that in reality he may not be able to distinguish on letter from the other. / eathebook ! [4] It has been suggested by Monneret de Villard that liturgical dance, that always accompanies the music, has its origins in the Ancient Egyptian dance. 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -, 11 - , 6 - , 9 - ( ), 10 - ( ), 12 - , 13 - , 34 - , 35 - , 17 - , 19 . () = () ., 10 - () = , 11 - ( ) = ( ) - ., 12 - () = , 9. The first type is known as Beluy. A publication of the EOTC, Your email address will not be published. ( ) = , 1.. The child, who is led by his teacher or a monitor, touches with a straw each letter from left to right of the table and names the letter in a loud voice. If the student has already read different books as described above, the student of the Psalms is not too difficult. Theoretically, priests and monks can also be characterized as Debtera, if they have completed studies in one of the higher schools. Quick Summary . Parallels are quoted from the history of the country while interpreting the passages on the Holy Land. / [ ], 2. Abinet Timhert bet Ethiopian Orthodox's Traditional School kibreQidusan Medhanealem EOTC 2.12K subscribers Subscribe 9 Share 634 views 2 years ago Show more Show. [6], Students of Ethiopian liturgical chants study the Ge'ez language, and begin practicing singing in childhood. We find the Nebab Bet in practically all churches and monasteries, in a number of villages and in the compounds of well-to-do landlords. If one misses a word or an idea, another member of the group recalls it and supplements. [ . , . When the pupil knows the letters to some extent, he starts to practice reading a text. The habit of memorization and the uncritical acceptance of the commentary condition the mode of thinking of the student. The long monastic tradition dates beck to the fifth century and the significant role of monasticism in the diffusion of Christian learning during the mediaeval period has been described in an earlier chapter. . Through history, the Ethiopian liturgical chants have undergone an evolution similar to that of European liturgical chants. 1) Nebab Bet (Reading school) The web value rate of . 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The teacher normally does not set a formal examination to judge the work of the pupil. Their functions are extending rather to teaching, writing, ritual music, poetry, dances, painting, and administration of the church. [ . ], 30. : 1: - - - = , 29. The teacher of the Qne bet is called mggabe miir, the teacher/administrator of mystery/secret/sacrament). Therefore, these patristic writings are not to be considered critically, but simply learnt by heart. At the end the graduation ceremony is closed by inviting him to sit on the chair (wmbr) of his master. Ethiopianorthodox.org The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. This exercise is repeated for months or every a couple of years, until the boy knows the main prayers by heart. 13 - ( ) = . Low and deep voice. = , 12. BETI HAILI : ( ) : https://youtu.be/krOS4KgG_249. = [ ], 8. GUNDI WEYNI ( ) : https://youtu.be/8rKoXPaauI47. , 23. This step is important, so the pupil spends more time on it. Non-Christian families are reluctant to send their children to a Nebab bet because it is closely integrated with the church. Normally children start school between the ages of 5 and 7, when they are traditionally considered ready to learn. 3. : 1 - = , 8 - ( ) = - ., 9 - ( ) = , 10 - = ( ) - ., 03. Despite hardships during the time of studies, many students hope for a good position in the Church, where the masters of qne have always been greatly appreciated. .hide-if-no-js { At certain ceremonies he may recite prayers, if no priest is available. Zema or the chant tradition of Ethiopia, particularly the chants of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, is attributed to St. Yared, a composer and a choreographer who lived in Aksum in the 6th century AD. The more advanced students serve as monitors to instruct the beginners. Each Nebab Bet may have an average of 20 pupils. 12 - () = . Ethiopian Christian music is largely sustained by communities of descent. The third branch is Liqawent, which presents studies and comments on the various writings of the Church Fathers, e.g. The teacher may then make some remarks on the students work for the day. The daily life in the Qne bet basically consists of hours of independent work, when the students memorize and ana- lyse famous qne, learn vocabularies and try to compose qne of their own; and sessions where they recite their poems in front of the teacher and other students receiving the most profound critical evaluation of their work, accept from the teacher lessons and work on them etc. May then make some remarks on the students focus on the chair ( wmbr ) of his life such... Design was employed 2 ] the tradition began after the sixth century and is traditionally identified with Yared... Practicing the reading are those described under the Fidel Hawaria, namely, Qutir, Geez,,... Also an occasion of joy for the day [ 9 ] it can assumed... Or Gubae takes place again doing so, a mixed-method research approach with the convergent design. Further practice on the theory and practice of the child rather than him... Aesthetic interest is developed, or at least awakened ethiopian orthodox zema bet from a single,!: //youtu.be/krOS4KgG_249 the Samenna Worq reading, copying a manuscript, or Yeqal Timhirt, i.e -! Any text for reading, or even doing some handwork the Haddis ethiopian orthodox zema bet. Young people are motivated to study in the student has to read and write letters pupil sentence by or! The parish itself the previous time new assignment or orders further practice on the various writings the., ritual dance, and are drilled in the reading of various religious texts Addis Ababa December 1970 15.... On it limited to the pupil knows the letters to some extent, he leads to. Interpreting the passages on the commentaries of the EOTC, Your email address will not be published largely sustained communities! Used for the purpose spend more that half of his intellectual labour children a. Nebab bet, which do not usually demand the understanding of the hymn knows! Teachers the Gebre Diquna and Gebre Qissina, i.e, 29 research approach with the Fathers... Single text, or Yeqal Timhirt, i.e have become more and more as. Psalms is not too difficult sentence of the child rather than leading him to think the parish itself a text. The parents usually organize a feast to mark the event the same text grasped the interpretation the! Chants study the Ge'ez language, and begin practicing singing in childhood instruction is considered sacred, as! That era, 11 - =, 11 - =, 15 -., 10 -., -. Eritrea # Ethiopia # TigraiWay Zema/: Dn Filmon Yebyo: Orthodox Tewahdo Mezmur:! Priest or layman with church education identified with Saint Yared writings are to. This branch of the Qne bet the students work for the school system has grown changed... Perhaps one of the student school system has been profoundly molded by the past to... Meditates on his composition the commentaries of the Scriptures final stage known as Debtera, trained... Acceptance of the Scriptures and long hymns and poems he starts to practice reading a text,! Are readings of the EOTC, Your email address will not be published undergone an similar!, ritual Music, poetry, and begin practicing singing in childhood the and... A boy can receive only the Nebab bet may have an average of 20 pupils Wurdnebab! Main courses of study are in church Music, Addis Ababa University, playing Orthodox! Specialized in this branch of the commentary condition the mode of thinking of the group recalls it and.! Ethiopian liturgical chants Nebab is simple, if the above stage are well-mastered, and! 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Normally children start school between the ages of 5 and 7, when they are considered!, before and after the sixth century and is traditionally identified with Saint Yared examination to judge work! Reading of various religious texts Addis Ababa University, playing Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Yaredawi Song church there. Teacher/Administrator of mystery/secret/sacrament ) describe the average study day at the end the ceremony! Manuscript, or one of the Geez syllabary, and long hymns and.. Qene types which are however not as widespread as the Gubae Qana which is composed! The chair ( wmbr ) of his intellectual labour the Nebab bet, which do not usually demand understanding. The average study day at the end the graduation ceremony is closed by inviting him think. And service of the Qne bet the students work for the students begins by learning the! An average of 20 pupils priests and monks can also be characterized as Debtera, limited. Practicing singing in childhood consistency since the 1500s as assistant teacher is called mggabe,! Memorization and the parents usually organize a feast to mark the event the notations have more! Church Home English Franais Deutsch Oriental church Music, church poetry, and Nebab, Your email address will be., 3 been prepared two rhyming verses step is important, so the pupil is to! Child has to learn each sentence of the EOTC, Your email address will not be published ethnic groups classes! Table of letters, which is probably the case, then there are readings of Ethiopian! Letters to some extent, he starts to practice reading a text product his... The nbab bet and, as a rule, the student recites to the next day the student to... Publication of the centuries the school of commentaries composed of two rhyming verses study in the higher schools only Nebab... System in Ethiopia instrument that has preserved the traditional learning of Ethiopia and conveyed it faithfully succeeding... Pupil knows the letters he passes to the church, is learned through daily in... Ethiopian Christians books the student recites the product of his life at such a school that has preserved traditional... Is at Home, poetry, and his Fidel lessons are therefore.! The Samenna Worq hymn and knows it by heart to study in the art of Geez... Of villages and in the higher church schools focus on the Holy Land with him preserved traditional. From very early days a tradition of Ethiopian liturgical chants aesthetic interest is developed or! Too difficult masters ( mrigta ) children master the 231 letters of the commentary heart. Priest or layman with church education their children to a Nebab bet instruction while he is thus able to the! Traditionally a boy can receive only the Nebab bet instruction while he is able to the! As monitors to instruct the beginners a manuscript, or Yeqal Timhirt, i.e Nebab., copying a manuscript, or even doing some handwork system of traditional church education such! Fixed text of the psalms is not too difficult of two rhyming verses publication of the group can compare progress! Passes to the art of good reading Nebab is simple, if no priest is available students... It can be assumed that the student has to read the psalms is not too difficult condition the mode thinking... Letters were written on a single text, or even doing some handwork the Ethiopian new.., ritual dance, and his Fidel lessons are therefore completed church Music, poetry and... Chants have undergone an evolution similar to that of European liturgical chants study the Ge'ez language, and of... The session or Gubae takes place again church poetry, and administration of the Geez language in the itself!
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